Apes (Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless simians native to Africa and Southeast Asia. There are different types of apes. They are the sister group of the Old World monkeys, collectively forming the catarrhine clade.
They are distinguished from different primates by a wider degree of freedom of movement on the shoulder joint as advanced by the effect of brachiation.
In conventional and non-scientific use, the time period “ape” excludes people, and might embrace tailless primates taxonomically thought-about monkeys (such because the Barbary ape and black ape), different types of apes and is thus not equal to the scientific taxon Hominoidea.
There are two extant branches of the superfamily Hominoidea: the gibbons, or lesser apes; and the hominids, or great apes among the different types of apes.
The family Hylobatidae, the lesser apes, contains 4 genera and a total of sixteen species of gibbon, together with the lar gibbon and the siamang, all native to Asia. They are extremely arboreal and bipedal on the ground. They have lighter bodies and smaller social teams than great apes.
The family Hominidae (hominids), the great apes, together with 4 genera comprising three extant species of orangutans and their subspecies, two extant species of gorillas and their subspecies, two extant species of panins (bonobos and chimpanzees) and their subspecies, and one extant species of people in a single extant subspecies.
Except for gorillas and people, hominoids are agile climbers of timber. Apes eat quite a lot of plant and animal meals, with nearly all of meals being plant meals, which may embrace fruit, leaves, stalks, roots, and seeds, together with nuts and grass seeds.
Human diets are generally considered completely different from that of different hominoids due partly to the event of technology and a large range of habitation.
Humans are by far probably the most quite a few of the hominoid species, actually outnumbering all different primates by an element of a number of thousand to one.
Family Hylobatidae
Gibbons are apes within the family Hylobatidae. The family traditionally contained one genus, however, now could be cut up into 4 extant genera and 18 species, among different types of apes.
Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (together with the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java).
Also known as the lesser apes or small apes, gibbons differ from great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and people) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and never making nests.
Like all apes, gibbons are tailless. Unlike many of the great apes, gibbons continuously kind long-term pair bonds. Their major mode of locomotion, brachiation, includes swinging from branch to branch for distances as much as 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as high as 55 km/h (34 mph).
They may also make leaps as much as 8 m (26 ft), and stroll bipedally with their arms raised for stability. They are the quickest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals.
Depending on the species and sex, gibbons’ fur coloration varies from darkish to light brown shades, and any shade between black and white, although a totally “white” gibbon is uncommon.
The family is split into 4 genera based mostly on their diploid chromosome quantity: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50).
There is an extinct fifth genus named Bunopithecus which is both a gibbon or gibbon-like ape. An extinct sixth genus, Junzi, was recognized in 2018 based mostly on a partial skull present in China.
Extant species
- Genus Hoolock
- Western hoolock gibbon, H. hoolock
- Eastern hoolock gibbon, H. leuconedys
- Skywalker hoolock gibbon, H. tianxing
- Genus Hylobates: dwarf gibbons
- Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, H. lar
- Malaysian lar gibbon, H. l. lar
- Carpenter’s lar gibbon, H. l. carpenteri
- Central lar gibbon, H. l. entelloides
- Sumatran lar gibbon, H. l. vestitus
- Yunnan lar gibbon, H. l. yunnanensis
- Bornean white-bearded gibbon, H. albibarbis
- Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon, H. agilis
- Müller’s gibbon, H. muelleri
- Müller’s grey gibbon, H. m. muelleri
- Abbott’s grey gibbon, H. m. abbotti
- Northern grey gibbon, H. m. funereus
- Silvery gibbon, H. moloch
- Western silvery gibbon or western Javan gibbon, H. m. moloch
- Eastern silvery gibbon or central Javan gibbon, H. m. pongoalsoni
- Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon, H. pileatus
- Kloss’s gibbon, Mentawai gibbon or bilou, H. klossii
- Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, H. lar
- Genus Symphalangus
- Siamang, S. syndactylus
- Genus Nomascus: crested gibbons
- Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon, N. annamensis
- Concolor or black crested gibbon, N. concolor
- Tonkin black crested gibbon, N. c. concolor
- Laotian black crested gibbon, N. c. lu
- Central Yunnan black crested gibbon, N. c. jingdongensis
- West Yunnan black crested gibbon, N. c. furvogaster
- Eastern black crested gibbon or Cao Vit black crested gibbon, N. nasutus
- Hainan black crested gibbon, N. hainanus
- Northern white-cheeked gibbon, N. leucogenys
- Southern white-cheeked gibbon, N. siki
- Yellow-cheeked gibbon, N. gabriellae
Extinct genera
- Genus Bunopithecus
- Bunopithecus sericus
- Genus Junzi
- Junzi imperialis
- Genus Kapi
- Kapi ramnagarensis
Hybrids
Many gibbons are laborious to establish based mostly on fur coloration, so are recognized both by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos.
Zoos usually obtain gibbons of unknown origin, so that they depend on morphological variation or labels which are inconceivable to confirm to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons generally are misidentified and housed collectively.
Interspecific hybrids, hybrids inside a genus, are additionally suspected to happen in wild gibbons the place their ranges overlap. However, no records exist of fertile hybrids between completely different gibbon genera, both within the wild or in captivity.
Family Hominidae
The Hominidae, whose members are often known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that features eight extant species in 4 genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran, and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which solely modern people stay.
Several revisions in classifying the great apes have brought about using the time period “hominid” to differ over time. The unique that means of “hominid” referred solely to people (Homo) and their closest extinct relations.
However, by the Nineteen Nineties each people, apes, and their ancestors had been thought of to be “hominids”.
The earlier restrictive that means has now been largely assumed by the time period “hominin”, which includes all members of the human clade after the break up from the chimpanzees (Pan).
The present, 21st-century that means of “hominid” contains all of the great apes together with people. Usage nonetheless varies, nevertheless, and a few scientists and laypersons nonetheless use “hominid” within the unique restrictive sense; the scholarly literature typically exhibits the standard utilization till around the turn of the Twenty-first Century.
Within the taxon Hominidae, numerous extant and recognized extinct, that’s, fossil, genera are grouped with the people, chimpanzees, and gorillas within the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans within the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below).
The most up-to-date common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14 million years ago when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the opposite three genera.
Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), maybe 15 to twenty million years ago.
Due to the shut genetic relationship between people and the opposite great apes, sure animal rights organizations, such because the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are individuals and must be given primary human rights.
29 countries have already instituted an analysis ban to guard great apes from any type of scientific testing.
Extant
There are eight living species of great ape which are classified into four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:
- Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded
- Subfamily Ponginae
- Tribe Pongini
- Genus Pongo
- Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
- Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
- Pongo pygmaeus morio
- Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
- Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
- Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis[26]
- Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
- Genus Pongo
- Tribe Pongini
- Subfamily Homininae
- Tribe Gorillini
- Genus Gorilla
- Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
- Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
- Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
- Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei
- Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
- Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
- Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
- Genus Gorilla
- Tribe Hominini
- Subtribe Panina
- Genus Pan
- Common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
- Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
- Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus
- Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti
- Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
- Bonobo, Pan paniscus
- Common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
- Genus Pan
- Subtribe Hominina
- Genus Homo
- Human, Homo sapiens
- The anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens
- Human, Homo sapiens
- Genus Homo
- Subtribe Panina
- Tribe Gorillini
- Subfamily Ponginae
Source: Wikipedia
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